Fred Murphy)Īlthough rabies vaccines for pets - introduced in the 1920s - have helped make the disease exceedingly rare in the developed world, this condition remains a serious problem in India and parts of Africa. This image of the rabies virus, taken through an electron microscope, shows particles of the virus itself, as well as the round structures called Negri bodies, which contain viral proteins. This vaccine helps to defend against the Zaire ebola virus and a global stockpile became available from January 2021. In December 2020, the Ervebo vaccine was approved by the U.S. The outbreak underway in West Africa began in early 2014, and is the largest and most complex outbreak of the disease to date, according to WHO. But for the Bundibugyo strain, the fatality rate is up to 50%, and it is up to 71% for the Sudan strain. One strain, Ebola Reston, doesn't even make people sick, according to Essential Human Virology (2016). The known strains vary dramatically in their deadliness, Elke Muhlberger, an Ebola virus expert and associate professor of microbiology at Boston University, told Live Science. Ebola is spread through contact with blood or other body fluids, or tissue from infected people or animals. The first known Ebola outbreaks in humans struck simultaneously in the Republic of the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976. Microscopic image of an Ebola virus (Image credit: Shutterstock) This outbreak lasted for six weeks and, while there were 170 high-risk contacts, only one case was confirmed, according to Reuters. The case was a male from south-western Guinea, who developed a fever, headache, fatigue, abdominal pain and gingival hemorrhage. The first known Marburg virus outbreak in West Africa was confirmed in August 2021. The case fatality rate in the first outbreak (1967) was 24%, but it was 83% in the 1998-2000 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and 100% in the 2017 outbreak in Uganda, according to the WHO.
Marburg virus symptoms are similar to Ebola in that both viruses can cause hemorrhagic fever, meaning that infected people develop high fevers, and bleeding throughout the body that can lead to shock, organ failure and death, according to Mayo Clinic. Scientists first identified the Marburg virus in 1967, when small outbreaks occurred among lab workers in Germany who were exposed to infected monkeys imported from Uganda, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). (Image credit: ROGER HARRIS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY via Getty Images) The Marburg virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates.
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